近視構成的眼睛健康風險
風險
與近視相關的風險
近視與成年後眼睛健康風險的增加有關。這些風險包括:- 近視性黃斑病變 (MMD)1
- 後鞏膜葡萄腫2
- 視網膜脫離3
- 原發性開角型青光眼4
- 白內障5
Table 1
表 1:根據不同近視度數與正視者相比,60 歲以上近視者增加患上眼疾的 可能性(優勢比)6
Table 1 Tips
*僅適用於 -6.00 至 -10.00 D 的近視。-10.00 至 -15.00 D 的近視的優勢比為 7.8,-15.00 D 以上的近視的優勢比為 88。
+小數視力為 0.30 至 0.05(約 20/60 至 20/400)。
+小數視力為 0.30 至 0.05(約 20/60 至 20/400)。
威脅
近視已成為 21 世紀影響眼睛健康的最大威脅
每當兒童出現近視時,眼科專業人士便應即時建議採用近視管理方案來治療, 從而降低日後出現威脅視力的併發症風險。Prevalence of myopia
近視的患病率 在過去 20 年裡幾 乎增加了一倍。8
Both Eastern and Western populations
東西方人口 均出現近視患病率不 斷增加的趨勢。8
No safe level of myopia,
近視沒有安全線可言,超過 30% 的近視黃斑性病 變發 生在近視低於 -6.00 D 的人身上。9
Every additional diopter
屈光度每增加 1D,患上近視黃斑性病變的 風險就會增加 67%。10
25% of people
在眼軸長度 ≥26 mm 的 人中,有 25% 的人 到了 75 歲會出現視力受損。7
降低日後出現威脅視力的併發症的風險。
Prevalence of myopia
近視的患病率 在過去 20 年裡幾 乎增加了一倍。8
Both Eastern and Western populations
東西方人口 均出現近視患病率不 斷增加的趨勢。8
No safe level of myopia,
近視沒有安全線可言,超過 30% 的近視黃斑性病 變發 生在近視低於 -6.00 D 的人身上。9
Every additional diopter
屈光度每增加 1D,患上近視黃斑性病變的 風險就會增加 67%。10
25% of people
在眼軸長度 ≥26 mm 的 人中,有 25% 的人 到了 75 歲會出現視力受損。7
兒童近視管理:需要新思維
近視是一種會不斷連續性進展的疾病,應儘早對其進行評估。近視可能會在十幾歲以後繼續加深11,並且患上相關疾病的風險會隨著近視的嚴重程度呈 指數式地增加6,10,因此早期診斷和儘早管理對於終身的眼睛健康非常重要。
Children image
較早出現近視會增加日後深近視的風險
年齡較小的兒童近視加深速度更 快12。因為早出現近視味著其加深 的時間更長,所以 12 歲以下的近 視者患上深度近視的風險更大。 因此,必須採取以下行動:
- 對 3-5 歲的兒童最少進行一次檢 查作為基數測量
- 對所有兒童最少每年檢查一次, 直到其年滿 18 歲
Table 2
表 2:根據球面等效屈光不正對近視進行分類13
較早出現近視會增加日後深近視的風險
屈光度數可以預測近視的出現
許多風險因素可以幫助預測近視的 出現,但最佳的預測因素是在特定 年齡時驗出的散瞳等效球面度數。特定年齡(表 3)中具有低遠視度 數的兒童在 13 歲時出現近視的可能 性超過 80%13。它提供了一種簡單 的臨床方法,可用於評估近視出現 的風險,其準確性更可媲美複雜的 計算方法。
Table 3
表 3:當 13 歲時高危出現近視的兒童,在其不同年齡時利用電腦驗光的散瞳等效球面臨界度數15
屈光度數可以預測近視的出現
Every additional diopter image
早期治療的重要性:每一百度都很重要
- 如果兒童被確診為近視前期或近視,那近視極有可能繼續加深16。近視管理的目標是盡可能限制眼軸長度和屈光度數,確保可把眼軸長度保持在 26 mm 6,7 以下,近視度數小於 5.00 D 或 500度13。
- 近視度數降低 1.00 D 或 100 度,那麼患者出現近視性黃斑病 變的可能性會降低約 40%10
- 在 12 歲或之前對所有近視兒童進行臨床治療,並為近視前期兒童提供最低限度的生活方式指導
早期治療的重要性:每一百度都很重要
出現近視的風險因素
- 年齡較小12
- 屈光度數(参考表 3)15
- 極少的戶外活動時間(每天少於 2 小時)17
- 長時間近距離工作或極近距離工作18,19
- 父母近視20
Table 4
表 4:近視發展或出現的可能性以及根據年齡和屈光狀態推薦的臨床措施
Table 4 tips
†所有近視控制療法都建議納入生活方式指導
‡近視前期的治療由父母/患者和醫生酌情決定
‡近視前期的治療由父母/患者和醫生酌情決定
出現近視的風險因素
生活方式指導
證據顯示戶外活動是一種能夠延 緩兒童出現近視的方法21。越來越 多的證據表明,多進行戶外活動 還可以延緩近視的發展22。增加 戶外活動的時間能夠使所有兒童 獲益。
生活方式指導
參考文獻
1. Ohno-Matsui K et al. Updates of Pathologic Myopia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016;52:156-87.
2. Ohno-Matsui K, Jonas JB. Posterior staphyloma in pathologic myopia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019;70:99-109.
3. Mitry D et al. The Epidemiology of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: Geographical Variation and Clinical Associations. Br J Ophthalmol 2010;94:678-84.
4. Marcus MW et al. Myopia as a Risk Factor for Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmol 2011;118:1989-94.
5. Pan CW et al. Myopia and Age-Related Cataract: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 156.5 (2013): 1021-1033.
6. Haarman AE et al. The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2020 Apr 9;61:49.
7. Tideman JW et al. Association of axial length with risk of uncorrectable visual impairment for Europeans with myopia. JAMA Ophthalmol 2016;134:1355-63.
8. Holden BA et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmol 2016;123:1036-42.
9. Wong, Yee-Ling, et al. "Prevalence, risk factors, and impact of myopic macular degeneration on visual impairment and functioning among adults in Singapore." Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 59.11 (2018): 4603-4613.
10. Bullimore MA, Brennan NA. Myopia Control: Why Each Diopter Matters. Optom Vis Sci 2019;96:463-5.
11. Pärssinen, Olavi, and Markku Kauppinen. "Risk factors for high myopia: a 22-year follow-up study from childhood to adulthood." Acta Ophthalmologica 97.5 (2019): 510-518.
12. Chua SY et al. Age of Onset of Myopia Predicts Risk of High Myopia in Later Childhood in Myopic Singapore Children. Opthal Physiol Opt 2016;36:388-94.
13. World Health Organization - Brien Holden Vision Institute. The impact of myopia. In: The Impact of Myopia and High Myopia. Report of the Joint World Health Organization--Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia. Available at: https://www.visionuk.org.uk/download/WHO_Report_Myopia_2016.pdf
14. Flitcroft DI et al. IMI–Defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2019;60:M20-30.
15. Zadnik K et al. Prediction of Juvenile Onset Myopia. JAMA Opthalmol 2015;133:683-9.
16. Mutti DO et al. Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2007;48:2510-9.
17. Wu PC et al. Increased Time Outdoors Is Followed by Reversal of the Long-Term Trend to Reduced Visual Acuity in Taiwan Primary School Students. Ophthalmology.2020 Feb 8:S0161-6420(20)30139-1.
18. Huang et al. The Association between Near Work Activities and Myopia in Children:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.PLoS One 2015;10:e0140419.
19. Wen L et al. Objectively measured near work, outdoor exposure and myopia in children.British Journal of Ophthalmology Published Online First:19 February 2020. doi:10.1136/ bjophthalmol-2019-315258.
20. Tedja MS et al. IMI - Myopia Genetics Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019;60:M89-M105.
21. He M et al. Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA.2015;314:1142-8.
22. Wu PC et al. Myopia prevention and outdoor light intensity in a school-based cluster randomized trial.Ophthalmol.2018;125:1239-50.
HKM20230630_002
2. Ohno-Matsui K, Jonas JB. Posterior staphyloma in pathologic myopia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019;70:99-109.
3. Mitry D et al. The Epidemiology of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: Geographical Variation and Clinical Associations. Br J Ophthalmol 2010;94:678-84.
4. Marcus MW et al. Myopia as a Risk Factor for Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmol 2011;118:1989-94.
5. Pan CW et al. Myopia and Age-Related Cataract: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 156.5 (2013): 1021-1033.
6. Haarman AE et al. The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2020 Apr 9;61:49.
7. Tideman JW et al. Association of axial length with risk of uncorrectable visual impairment for Europeans with myopia. JAMA Ophthalmol 2016;134:1355-63.
8. Holden BA et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmol 2016;123:1036-42.
9. Wong, Yee-Ling, et al. "Prevalence, risk factors, and impact of myopic macular degeneration on visual impairment and functioning among adults in Singapore." Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 59.11 (2018): 4603-4613.
10. Bullimore MA, Brennan NA. Myopia Control: Why Each Diopter Matters. Optom Vis Sci 2019;96:463-5.
11. Pärssinen, Olavi, and Markku Kauppinen. "Risk factors for high myopia: a 22-year follow-up study from childhood to adulthood." Acta Ophthalmologica 97.5 (2019): 510-518.
12. Chua SY et al. Age of Onset of Myopia Predicts Risk of High Myopia in Later Childhood in Myopic Singapore Children. Opthal Physiol Opt 2016;36:388-94.
13. World Health Organization - Brien Holden Vision Institute. The impact of myopia. In: The Impact of Myopia and High Myopia. Report of the Joint World Health Organization--Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia. Available at: https://www.visionuk.org.uk/download/WHO_Report_Myopia_2016.pdf
14. Flitcroft DI et al. IMI–Defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2019;60:M20-30.
15. Zadnik K et al. Prediction of Juvenile Onset Myopia. JAMA Opthalmol 2015;133:683-9.
16. Mutti DO et al. Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2007;48:2510-9.
17. Wu PC et al. Increased Time Outdoors Is Followed by Reversal of the Long-Term Trend to Reduced Visual Acuity in Taiwan Primary School Students. Ophthalmology.2020 Feb 8:S0161-6420(20)30139-1.
18. Huang et al. The Association between Near Work Activities and Myopia in Children:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.PLoS One 2015;10:e0140419.
19. Wen L et al. Objectively measured near work, outdoor exposure and myopia in children.British Journal of Ophthalmology Published Online First:19 February 2020. doi:10.1136/ bjophthalmol-2019-315258.
20. Tedja MS et al. IMI - Myopia Genetics Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019;60:M89-M105.
21. He M et al. Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA.2015;314:1142-8.
22. Wu PC et al. Myopia prevention and outdoor light intensity in a school-based cluster randomized trial.Ophthalmol.2018;125:1239-50.
參考文獻