眼科專業人士的近視管理資訊
評估近視前期和近視
屈光度數
- 診斷近視的主要方法和每次綜合眼科檢查中的常規檢查1
- 使用散瞳劑和客觀測量(如驗光儀器)提高準確性和重複性2
- 與眼球長度密切相關3,但即使使用了散瞳劑,量度的重複性也明顯低於眼球長度4,5
- 使用角膜塑形術和/或阿托品時,可能會出現誤導性分析
眼軸長度(光學生物測量)
- 監測眼軸增長的主要指標
- 高度可重複的測量
- 與近視的病理過程直接相關
- 不需要使用散瞳劑
- 不易受到角膜矯形術或阿托品療法等治療過程中可能發生的眼睛前部可能發生光學變化的影響
EVALUATING PRE-MYOPIA AND MYOPIA image
監察近視前期和近視
KEY POINTS FOR MONITORING image
監察重點
- 年紀較小時出現近視將會加深, 因此可把這設為預期6
- 平均治療效果可參考隨機臨床試驗
- 每六個月監察近視管理療法的使用情況、接受度和維持情況
- 使用至少一年的數據來評估進展,以避免季節性變化並減少量度時的雜訊(即使使用光學生物測量)
- 無法確定個別患者的治療效果,因為無法知道該患者如果不經治療的近視進展情況
- 參考人口常規數據來評估加深情況(参考表 5)
監察重點
不接受近視管理的預期發展
所有年輕人的眼睛都會繼續生長,即使是沒有屈光問題的眼睛,從 6 歲到 14 歲每年都會增長約 0.1 mm8。年輕近視患者的平均發展速度更快, 7 歲兒童的平均發展速度幾乎是 11 歲兒童的兩倍6。在表 5 中,按年齡比較出患者的進展接近平均值時,不應視為正常或健康,因為任何的近視加深都會以倍數增加相關疾病的風險。不同人口中每個個體的發展速率差異是可以很大的9
EXPECTED PROGRESSION WITHOUT MYOPIA CONTROL image
不接受近視管理的預期發展
使用近視管理計算器的注意事項
近視管理計算器可合理地估算出在沒有採用近視管理療法下的正常發展。然而,近視管理效果的計算則以幾年 的治療效果推算至 11 歲,這會忽略治療效果隨時間而降低的情況,從而誤導使用者對治療預期過於樂觀10。
近視增長評估及與個人目標比較
近視監察表範本
中期(6 個月)
- 主要的病歷記錄最少應包括
- 療法的護理及保養
- 療法的使用情況和時間
- 患者對療法的接受度和滿意度
- 視力
- 雙眼協調和調節能力(可受近視管理療法影響)
- 測量眼軸長度(如可行)和屈光度數檢查
- 評估與療法相關的眼部健康
- 有關近視管理療法所需要的額外測試
- 綜合眼科檢查(如可行則作散瞳度數檢查)
- 檢視近視管理療程(如上所述)
- 測量眼軸長度(如可行)
- 檢視進展情況並與個人化目標進行比較
近視增長評估及與個人目標比較
使用近視管理計算器的注意事項
確定近視管理效果
對近視管理效果的溝通
雖然「百分比治療」的效果很容易理解,但它在發展過程中,會引起不一致的表達方式,亦無法反映治療效果隨時間而減緩的情況。治療效果應該以絕對結果值而不是比例結果值來計算10。最佳表達近視控制效果的方式是以累積減少眼軸長度增長的絕對數值或屈光度數作計算(如 mm 或 D)。
Table 5
表 5:不同年齡的亞洲人和非亞洲人近視眼軸長度和屈光度數的平均進展6,11
AVERAGE MYOPIA-CONTROL TREATMENT EFFECT image
平均近視管理療效
許多臨床研究提供了 2 至 3 年內以毫米或屈光度為單位的個別療法的累積近視管理效果,其中多項研究指出能把眼軸增長減少 0.30 mm(約 0.75 D)12-15。現時觀察到減少最多的效果是於 7 歲時期的0.44 mm(約 1.00D)16,因此應儘早開始治療。與單一療法相比,組合療法更可提高近視管理效果 17。
個人化近視管理療法
在此提及的治療方法已在臨床研究中進行了安全性和有效性的調查。不同產品的效果和表現可能有很大差異(例如,不同品牌),並請務必留意,目前有些治療方法是非標籤使用的。選擇合適的治療方法將取決於患者個人的生活方式、年齡、處事成熟程度和近視度數。本圖表可幫助您與患者及其父母溝通。
臨床考慮
臨床考慮
近視和散光度數近視管理史
眼部健康
視覺質素
效果
生活方式考慮
體育運動游泳或水上活動
患者責任感/衛生
患者或家長偏好
家長監督的欲性
阿托品眼藥水
阿托品藥物 完全由家長操控治療。濃度由 0.025% 到 0.05% 會有不同的近視控制效果,並有不同程度的畏光和調節力下降的有限副作用22。阿托品必須輔以眼鏡或隱形眼鏡,並可與其他近視管理療法結合使用23。
角膜矯形術
角膜塑形術 一種夜間佩戴的透氣隱形眼鏡,可暫時改變角膜形狀,使在白天時無需配戴眼鏡或隱形眼鏡仍可看清事物。作為體育和水上活動的首選,與戴眼鏡相比,它甚至能主觀地改善外表和提升社交自我認知感18。由於這種鏡片是在家裡晚上使用,因此家長能監督其使用情況。
用於近視管理的軟性隱形眼鏡
軟性多焦隱形眼鏡* 這種光學設計原本是為了改善老花,但有證據表明,它也可以減緩近視的發展。作為體育運動的首選,與戴眼鏡相比,它甚至能主觀地改善外表和提升社交自我認知感19。年幼的患者皆可以配戴這種隱形眼鏡 20,並且與較大年齡的配戴者相比,沒有出現感染風險增加的情況21。
近視管理眼鏡
近視管理眼鏡 具有專門設計用來減緩近視展進的光學系統。安全方便的選擇,適用於一系列處方;受制於佩戴者的遵從性和眼鏡遺失/損壞。不同的光學設計對近視管理效果差異很大。
阿托品目前尚未在香港得到批准用於近視控制療法。
Johnson & Johnson Vision目前並無含阿托品近視管理產品。此內容僅為提供近視管理資訊,並非於香港推廣在適應症外使用(即在超出註冊適應症的情況下處方此藥物)或未經核准的治療方式。
Johnson & Johnson Vision目前並無含阿托品近視管理產品。此內容僅為提供近視管理資訊,並非於香港推廣在適應症外使用(即在超出註冊適應症的情況下處方此藥物)或未經核准的治療方式。
參考文獻
1. American Optometric Association, Comprehensive Pediatric Eye and Vision Examination. https://www.aoa.org/AOA/Documents/Practice%20Management/Clinical%20Guidelines/EBO%20Guidelines/Comprehensive%20Pediatric%20Eye%20and%20Vision%20Exam.pdf, accessed September 3, 2020.
2. Morgan, Ian G., et al. Cycloplegic refraction is the gold standard for epidemiological studies. Acta Ophthalmologica 93.6 (2015): 581-585.
3. Hou, Wei, et al. Axial elongation in myopic children and its association with myopia progression in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET). Eye & contact lens 44.4 (2018): 248.
4. Buckhurst, Phillip Jonathan, et al. “A new optical low coherence reflectometry device for ocular biometry in cataract patients.” British Journal of Ophthalmology 93.7 (2009): 949-953.
5. Bullimore, Mark A.et al. “The repeatability of automated and clinician refraction.” Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry 75.8 (1998): 617-622.
6. Donovan L et al. Myopia progression rates in urban children wearing single-vision spectacles. Optom Vis Sci 2012;89:27-32.
7. Gwiazda, Jane, et al. Seasonal variations in the progression of myopia in children enrolled in the correction of myopia evaluation trial. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 55.2 (2014): 752-758
8. Mutti DO, Hayes JR, Mitchell GL et al. Refractive Error, Axial Length, and Relative Peripheral Refractive Error before and after the Onset of Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:2510- 9.
9. Chua SY et al. Age of Onset of Myopia Predicts Risk of High Myopia in Later Childhood in Myopic Singapore Children. Ophthal Physiol Opt 2016;36:388-94.
10. Brennan NA, Cheng X. Commonly Held Beliefs About Myopia That Lack a Robust Evidence Base. Eye Contact Lens 2019;45:215-25.
11. Brennan NA et al. Influence of Age and Race on Axial Elongation in Myopic Children. Optom Vis Sci 2018; 95: eAbstract 180072.
12. Chamberlain, Paul, et al. "A 3-year randomized clinical trial of MiSight lenses for myopia control." Optometry and Vision Science 96.8 (2019): 556-567.
13. Lam, Carly Siu Yin, et al. "Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104.3 (2020): 363-368.
14. Chua, Wei-Han, et al. "Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia." Ophthalmology 113.12 (2006): 2285-2291.
15. Chen, Connie et al. "Myopia control using toric orthokeratology (TO-SEE study)." Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 54.10 (2013): 6510-6517.
16. Santodomingo-Rubido et al. Long-Term Efficacy of Orthokeratology Contact Lens Wear in Controlling the Progression of Childhood Myopia. Curr Eye Res 2017;42:713-20.
17. Kinoshita et al. Efficacy of combined orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine solution for slowing axial elongation in children with myopia: a 2-year randomised trial. Sci Rep 10, 12750 (2020).
18. Santodomingo-Rubido, Jacinto, et al. Myopia control with orthokeratology contact lenses in Spain: a comparison of vision-related quality-of-life measures between orthokeratology contact lenses and single-vision spectacles. Eye & Contact Lens 39.2 (2013): 153-157.
19. Rah, Marjorie J et al. Vision specific quality of life of pediatric contact lens wearers. Optometry and Vision Science 87.8 (2010): 560-566.
20. Walline, Jeffrey J et al. Contact Lenses in Pediatrics (CLIP) Study: chair time and ocular health. Optometry and Vision Science 84.9 (2007): 896-902.
21. Bullimore MA. The Safety of Soft Contact Lenses in Children. Optom Vis Sci 2017;94(6):638-646. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001078.
22. Yam, Jason C., et al. Two-year clinical trial of the low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (lamp) study: phase 2 report. Ophthalmology 127.7 (2020): 910-919.
23. Kinoshita, Nozomi et al. efficacy of combined orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine solution for slowing axial elongation in children with myopia: a 2-year randomised trial. Scientific Reports 10.1 (2020): 1-11.
HKM20230630_002
2. Morgan, Ian G., et al. Cycloplegic refraction is the gold standard for epidemiological studies. Acta Ophthalmologica 93.6 (2015): 581-585.
3. Hou, Wei, et al. Axial elongation in myopic children and its association with myopia progression in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET). Eye & contact lens 44.4 (2018): 248.
4. Buckhurst, Phillip Jonathan, et al. “A new optical low coherence reflectometry device for ocular biometry in cataract patients.” British Journal of Ophthalmology 93.7 (2009): 949-953.
5. Bullimore, Mark A.et al. “The repeatability of automated and clinician refraction.” Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry 75.8 (1998): 617-622.
6. Donovan L et al. Myopia progression rates in urban children wearing single-vision spectacles. Optom Vis Sci 2012;89:27-32.
7. Gwiazda, Jane, et al. Seasonal variations in the progression of myopia in children enrolled in the correction of myopia evaluation trial. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 55.2 (2014): 752-758
8. Mutti DO, Hayes JR, Mitchell GL et al. Refractive Error, Axial Length, and Relative Peripheral Refractive Error before and after the Onset of Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:2510- 9.
9. Chua SY et al. Age of Onset of Myopia Predicts Risk of High Myopia in Later Childhood in Myopic Singapore Children. Ophthal Physiol Opt 2016;36:388-94.
10. Brennan NA, Cheng X. Commonly Held Beliefs About Myopia That Lack a Robust Evidence Base. Eye Contact Lens 2019;45:215-25.
11. Brennan NA et al. Influence of Age and Race on Axial Elongation in Myopic Children. Optom Vis Sci 2018; 95: eAbstract 180072.
12. Chamberlain, Paul, et al. "A 3-year randomized clinical trial of MiSight lenses for myopia control." Optometry and Vision Science 96.8 (2019): 556-567.
13. Lam, Carly Siu Yin, et al. "Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104.3 (2020): 363-368.
14. Chua, Wei-Han, et al. "Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia." Ophthalmology 113.12 (2006): 2285-2291.
15. Chen, Connie et al. "Myopia control using toric orthokeratology (TO-SEE study)." Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 54.10 (2013): 6510-6517.
16. Santodomingo-Rubido et al. Long-Term Efficacy of Orthokeratology Contact Lens Wear in Controlling the Progression of Childhood Myopia. Curr Eye Res 2017;42:713-20.
17. Kinoshita et al. Efficacy of combined orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine solution for slowing axial elongation in children with myopia: a 2-year randomised trial. Sci Rep 10, 12750 (2020).
18. Santodomingo-Rubido, Jacinto, et al. Myopia control with orthokeratology contact lenses in Spain: a comparison of vision-related quality-of-life measures between orthokeratology contact lenses and single-vision spectacles. Eye & Contact Lens 39.2 (2013): 153-157.
19. Rah, Marjorie J et al. Vision specific quality of life of pediatric contact lens wearers. Optometry and Vision Science 87.8 (2010): 560-566.
20. Walline, Jeffrey J et al. Contact Lenses in Pediatrics (CLIP) Study: chair time and ocular health. Optometry and Vision Science 84.9 (2007): 896-902.
21. Bullimore MA. The Safety of Soft Contact Lenses in Children. Optom Vis Sci 2017;94(6):638-646. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001078.
22. Yam, Jason C., et al. Two-year clinical trial of the low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (lamp) study: phase 2 report. Ophthalmology 127.7 (2020): 910-919.
23. Kinoshita, Nozomi et al. efficacy of combined orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine solution for slowing axial elongation in children with myopia: a 2-year randomised trial. Scientific Reports 10.1 (2020): 1-11.
參考文獻